The rising air pollution in northern India especially in the national capital region has raised serious concerns about the health risks it poses to pregnant women and their unborn babies. While the immediate effects of high Air Quality Index (AQI) levels include breathing problems, coughing and watery eyes, the long-term health consequences are far more concerning.
Pollutants such as PM2.5, PM10, nitrogen dioxide, and ozone can have serious impacts on pregnancy.
Dr. Juhi Patel, Consultant Obstetrician and Gynecologist at Shalby Hospital, Ahmedabad, explained, “The severe effects of high AQI levels, mainly due to particulate matter and ozone exposure, can lead to complications such as preterm birth, low birth weight, and developmental issues in the child.”
Research indicates that pregnant women exposed to high levels of pollution are more likely to give birth prematurely, and their babies may have lower birth weights, which can lead to health problems. Pollution can also interfere with fetal growth, and exposure to these pollutants may cause inflammation that can cross the placental barrier, potentially resulting in respiratory issues like asthma later in life.
Dr. Patel emphasized that exposure during the third trimester is especially concerning, as it is linked to conditions such as autism and neurodevelopmental delays. Additionally, high AQI levels are associated with an increased risk of preeclampsia, which involves high blood pressure during pregnancy.
To safeguard their health and that of their unborn child, Dr. Patel advises pregnant women to monitor AQI levels, avoid outdoor activities on days with high pollution and use air purifiers during such times.
Dr. Sharwari D. Dua, Consultant Physician and Endocrinologist also pointed out the impact of air pollution on neurodevelopment. “Air pollution is a preventable risk factor for healthy child neurodevelopment,” she said.
Studies show that prenatal exposure to nitrogen dioxide can lead to childhood behavioral issues, with girls being particularly vulnerable. Fine particulate matter exposure during the second trimester has also been linked to lower IQ, especially in boys.
Children are also at risk after birth, as the effects of inhaled pollutants can affect the brain regions responsible for cognitive and behavioral functions. In addition, pollution can cause maternal allergies, leading to distress for both mother and baby.
Dr. Vaishali Sharma, Laparoscopic Surgeon and IVF Specialist, stressed the importance of being aware of these risks. “Pregnancy is a time of joy but also a period of heightened vulnerability to environmental factors,” she said. She recommends that pregnant women take preventive measures, such as using HEPA-filter air purifiers, avoiding outdoor activities during peak pollution hours, and wearing masks when necessary.
The dangers of high AQI levels on pregnant women and unborn babies highlight the urgent need to monitor air quality and take protective actions, ensuring both maternal and fetal health in polluted environments.